What does racism mean? [142] A 2020 article by Daron Acemoğlu, Giuseppe De Feo, Giacomo De Luca, and Gianluca Russo in the Center for Economic and Policy Research, exploring the link between the threat of socialism and Mussolini's rise to power, found "a strong association between the Red Scare in Italy and the subsequent local support for the Fascist Party in the early 1920s." 32, 45, 173; Nolte (1965) p. 300. The definition of Fascism includes “ultra nationalism.” This means Fascists believe in the promotion of their nation, their values and opinions, at the excusion of other nations. Fascism has been widely criticized and condemned in modern times since the defeat of the Axis Powers in World War II. . Historical analysis at its best." –The Economist The Anatomy of Fascism will have a lasting impact on our understanding of modern European history, just as Paxton’s classic Vichy France redefined our vision of World War II. Based on a ... If you know someone who's a fascist, that person is probably into control. "[187] Paxton says: "Where Franco subjected Spain’s fascist party to his personal control, Salazar abolished outright in July 1934 the nearest thing Portugal had to an authentic fascist movement, Rolão Preto's blue-shirted National Syndicalists. This system also stresses the importance of a "classless" society, where there are no differences between the wealthy and the working classes, between men and women, or between races. The more a person considers inequality to be unavoidable or even desirable, the further to the right he or she will be. [218], Fascist governments advocated resolution of domestic class conflict within a nation in order to secure national solidarity. (Ep. Fascist movements are not necessarily created by the ruling class, but they can only gain political power with the help of that class and with funding from big business. Fascism is a form of totalitarianism in that it holds the State to be the highest value, to which all individuals must be completely loyal. Fascism puts nation and often race above the individual." "[247] In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families and initiated policies intended to reduce the number of women employed. In this incisive book, Richard Griffiths undertakes to resolve the issue, placing fascism in its tortuous historical context. "[37] Griffin describes the ideology as having three core components: "(i) the rebirth myth, (ii) populist ultra-nationalism, and (iii) the myth of decadence. In this accessible book, Roger Griffin, one of the world’s leading authorities on fascism, brings welcome clarity to this controversial ideology. [221] Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated as the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism. [207] Mussolini's The Doctrine of Fascism (1932), partly ghostwritten by philosopher Giovanni Gentile,[208] who Mussolini described as "the philosopher of Fascism", states: "The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. While examples of fascism can be seen throughout history, Nazism is specific to the the Nazi Party in Germany during the first half of the 1900s. [67] The Blackshirts wanted to establish Fascism as a complete dictatorship, while the former ANI members, including Alfredo Rocco, sought to institute an authoritarian corporatist state to replace the liberal state in Italy while retaining the existing elites. Fascism is a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism is the system of government that cartelizes the private sector, centrally plans the economy to subsidize producers, exalts the police state as the source of order, denies fundamental rights and liberties to individuals, and makes the executive state the unlimited master of society. "Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe"] (review). [89], The fin-de-siècle outlook was influenced by various intellectual developments, including Darwinian biology, Gesamtkunstwerk, Arthur de Gobineau's racialism, Gustave Le Bon's psychology, and the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Henri Bergson. [161] This resulted in an aggressive military campaign known as the Pacification of Libya against natives in Libya, including mass killings, the use of concentration camps and the forced starvation of thousands of people. Despite fascist movements' history of anti-communism, Communist states have sometimes been referred to as fascist, typically as an insult. Fascism and the Italian fascio ultimately derive from the Latin fascis, meaning “bundle” (the plural form is fasces). [267] In Germany, it was exemplified by Jünger who was influenced by his observation of the technological warfare during World War I and claimed that a new social class had been created that he described as the "warrior-worker";[268] Like Marinetti, Jünger emphasized the revolutionary capacities of technology. [231][232] They were in principle opposed to the idea of social welfare, arguing that it "encouraged the preservation of the degenerate and the feeble. Fascism is characterized by the imposition of dictatorial power, government control of industry and commerce, and the forcible suppression of opposition, often at the hands of the military or a secret police force. "[116] Attempts to hold mass meetings were ineffective and the organization was regularly harassed by government authorities and socialists. Economic Fascism. Fascists are creeps. Time to drag them from the shadows. [246] It condemned pornography, most forms of birth control and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the condom), homosexuality and prostitution as deviant sexual behaviour, although enforcement of laws opposed to such practices was erratic and authorities often turned a blind eye. [266], In Italy, such modernist influence was exemplified by Marinetti who advocated a palingenetic modernist society that condemned liberal-bourgeois values of tradition and psychology, while promoting a technological-martial religion of national renewal that emphasized militant nationalism. 1. Fascism is therefore opposed to Socialism to Beginning in November 1945 and lasting through 1949, numerous Nazi political, military and economic leaders were tried and convicted of war crimes, with many of the worst offenders being sentenced to death and executed. Running throughout the volume, and valuable to readers at every level, is a careful critique of the major debates that divide scholars on this most unintelligible ‘ism’ of them all. [9] A fascist state is led by a strong leader (such as a dictator) and a martial law government composed of the members of the governing fascist party to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Fascism by definition is a form of government which included an authoritarian and nationalistic system of government as well as social organization. [182], From 1935 to 1939, Germany and Italy escalated their demands for territorial claims and greater influence in world affairs. It meant an emphasis on the rebirth of … One of the most common and strongest criticisms of fascism is that it is a tyranny. Amazon’s Divine Period Romance The Pursuit of Love Gives Classic Social Satire a Modern Twist, Inside the ‘shadow reality world’ promoting the lie that the presidential election was stolen, Josep Almudéver Mateu, last-known survivor of the International Brigades who fought Franco, dies at 101. However, there remained several movements and governments that were ideologically related to fascism. [7], The October Revolution of 1917, in which Bolshevik communists led by Vladimir Lenin seized power in Russia, greatly influenced the development of fascism. Weisberg writes about the Europeans that were flexible enough to accept Fascism as the new reality. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. [227] Fascist economic ideology supported the profit motive, but emphasized that industries must uphold the national interest as superior to private profit. [93] Bergson's claim of the existence of an élan vital, or vital instinct, centred upon free choice and rejected the processes of materialism and determinism; this challenged Marxism. Lancaster, Guy (26 September 2011). "[53] Fascist philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretical commonality: all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities. Its appeal is not necessarily limited to those who share the fascist political ideology because fascism "stands for an ideal or rather ideals that are persistent today under the other banners: the ideal of life as art, the cult of beauty, the fetishism of courage, the dissolution of alienation in ecstatic feelings of community; the repudiation of the intellect; the family of man (under the parenthood of leaders)."[269]. Found insideIn this fascinating look at the unique conjuncture of factors surrounding Il Duce’s seizure of power, eminent historian Donald Sassoon traces the political circumstances that sent Italy on a collision course with the most destructive war ... Benito Mussolini – Documents reveal Italian dictator got start in politics in 1917 with help of £100 weekly wage from MI5", Salazar's Dictatorship and European Fascism: Problems of Interpretation, Fascism: An Informal Introduction to Its Theory and Practice, Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes, Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936–1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas, "Fascism – Concepts and Theories, version 1", "How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump", "Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump)", British Journal of American Legal Studies, Authorized translation of Mussolini's "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933), Readings on Fascism and National Socialism by Various – Project Gutenberg, "Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt", National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascism&oldid=1045562526, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Fascist goals" – the creation of a nationalist. How to use anti-fascist in a sentence. Fascism vs. Nazism. "[69], The term fascist has been used as a pejorative,[70] regarding varying movements across the far right of the political spectrum. [148] Initially, little drastic change in government policy had occurred and repressive police actions were limited. Understanding Fascism For What It Is: The fact that finally fascism is about power, raw power, power as its own final justification, helps us understand 4 concepts. Marxists argue that fascism represents the last attempt of a ruling class (specifically, the capitalist bourgeoisie) to preserve its grip on power in the face of an imminent proletarian revolution. See more. In Germany, it contributed to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, which resulted in the demise of the Weimar Republic and the establishment of the fascist regime, Nazi Germany, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Salazar's regime was not only non-fascist, but 'voluntarily non-totalitarian,' preferring to let those of its citizens who kept out of politics 'live by habit. "[29] "Fascist" is sometimes applied to post-World War II organizations and ways of thinking that academics more commonly term neo-fascist. In 1941, the Axis campaign spread to the Soviet Union after Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa. He goes on to observe that Salazar "crushed Portuguese fascism after he had copied some of its techniques of popular mobilization. "[173] Fascist Italy created the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI), a giant state-owned firm and holding company that provided state funding to failing private enterprises. Fascism is a system of government led by a dictator who typically rules by forcefully and often violently suppressing opposition and criticism, controlling all industry and commerce, and promoting nationalism and often racism. Fascists Always Have a Scapegoat. First, she offered scholarships, with all expenses paid, for Nicaraguan students to study fascism in Italy. The word fascism is used in both specific and general ways to refer to fascist governments and the types of methods used by them. Shortly afterwards, Germany surrendered and the Nazi regime was systematically dismantled by the occupying Allied powers. "[77], Professor Richard Griffiths of the University of Wales[78] wrote in 2005 that "fascism" is the "most misused, and over-used word, of our times. [120][217] Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments. [91] Nietzsche's argument that "God is dead" coincided with his attack on the "herd mentality" of Christianity, democracy, and modern collectivism, his concept of the Übermensch, and his advocacy of the will to power as a primordial instinct, were major influences upon many of the fin-de-siècle generation. After World War II and a period of international isolation, Franco's regime normalized relations with the Western powers during the Cold War, until Franco's death in 1975 and the transformation of Spain into a liberal democracy. Rohkrämer, Thomas, "A Single Communal Faith? Powerful and continuing nationalism. It takes on the individual characteristics of each country it runs under different regimes. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. [79], Georges Valois, founder of the first non-Italian fascist party Faisceau,[80] claimed the roots of fascism stemmed from the late 18th century Jacobin movement, seeing in its totalitarian nature a foreshadowing of the fascist state. [244] Walter Laqueur argues that "[t]he corollaries of the cult of war and physical danger were the cult of brutality, strength, and sexuality ... [fascism is] a true counter-civilization: rejecting the sophisticated rationalist humanism of Old Europe, fascism sets up as its ideal the primitive instincts and primal emotions of the barbarian. Fascist definition, a person who believes in or sympathizes with fascism. [196], Robert O. Paxton finds that even though fascism "maintained the existing regime of property and social hierarchy," it cannot be considered "simply a more muscular form of conservatism" because "fascism in power did carry out some changes profound enough to be called 'revolutionary. The invasion of Poland by Germany was deemed unacceptable by Britain, France and their allies, resulting in their mutual declaration of war against Germany that was deemed the aggressor in the war in Poland, resulting in the outbreak of World War II. These Shoes Are Killing Me! Fascist art glorifies surrender, it exalts mindlessness, it glamorizes death. This deceptively short book, written by the world's leading authority on fascism, shows how a cogent definition based on serious engagement with its devastating inter-war history allows it to be distinguished from other forms of today's ... "[105], The fusion of Maurrassian nationalism and Sorelian syndicalism influenced radical Italian nationalist Enrico Corradini. [190] Other historians, including Fernando Rosas and Manuel Villaverde Cabral, think that the Estado Novo should be considered fascist. Antifascism is active opposition to fascism. What are some words that often get used in discussing fascism? [236] Unlike the social welfare institutions of the Weimar Republic and the Christian charities, the NSV distributed assistance on explicitly racial grounds. The basis of fascism's support of violent action in politics is connected to social Darwinism. “Nazi” is an abbreviated form of the German Nationalsozialist. [82] According to David Thomson,[83] the Italian Risorgimento of 1871 led to the 'nemesis of fascism'. German sociologist Johann Plenge spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of 1914" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789" (the French Revolution). As is eviden… [134] Mussolini and the Fascists took advantage of the situation by allying with industrial businesses and attacking workers and peasants in the name of preserving order and internal peace in Italy. The author claims the point of the book is to give an accurate definition and history of fascism, a word which he asserts is commonly misused. [260] Open homosexuals were interned in Nazi concentration camps. Historian Peter Amann states that, "Undeniably, the Klan had some traits in common with European fascism—chauvinism, racism, a mystique of violence, an affirmation of a certain kind of archaic traditionalism—yet their differences were fundamental ... [the KKK] never envisioned a change of political or economic system. Fascism is a movement that promotes the idea of a monolithic, regimented nation under the control of an autocratic ruler. First published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. For one thing, the definition of fascism commonly attributed to Mussolini is “the merging of the state and corporate power,” not “the corporation,” as McKay presents it. [240] Fascist movements have commonly held social Darwinist views of nations, races and societies. "[210], Fascist states pursued policies of social indoctrination through propaganda in education and the media, and regulation of the production of educational and media materials. Fascism is a leftist product — a corrupt and diseased offshoot of leftist agitation. [121], Fascists viewed World War I as bringing revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state and technology, as the advent of total war and mass mobilization had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant, as civilians had become a critical part in economic production for the war effort and thus arose a "military citizenship" in which all citizens were involved to the military in some manner during the war. In 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, the complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, the Allied invasion of Italy and the corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested on the order of King Victor Emmanuel III, who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side. Fascism definition, a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. The definition of fascism and its organizational form also affect which countries are studied, whether for case or comparative analysis. "[154] In her 1974 book, Mussolini's widow Rachele stated that her husband had always been an atheist until near the end of his life, writing that her husband was "basically irreligious until the later years of his life. What does neo-fascism mean? [135], Fascists identified their primary opponents as the majority of socialists on the left who had opposed intervention in World War I. Axis forces at the height of their power controlled almost all of continental Europe. . Payne defines fascism as a form of ultranationalism espousing a myth of national rebirth and marked by extreme elitism, mobilization of the masses, exaltation of hierarchy and subordination, oppression of women and an embrace of violence ... [281] Sorel's emphasis on the need for overthrowing decadent liberal democracy and capitalism by the use of violence, direct action, general strikes and neo-Machiavellian appeals to emotion impressed Mussolini deeply. It was first used from the movement which started in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. In her examination of the culture of Italian fascism, Mabel Berezin focuses on how Mussolini's regime consciously constructed a nonliberal public sphere to support its political aims. During World War II, the Axis Powers in Europe led by Nazi Germany participated in the extermination of millions of Poles, Jews, Gypsies and others in the genocide known as the Holocaust. [66], In 1919, Alceste De Ambris and futurist movement leader Filippo Tommaso Marinetti created "The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat". Found insideIncluding in-depth case studies from North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia, this is an essential reference for anybody with an interest in the social scientific study of sport. At least since the great Italian author Umberto Eco’s description of the fourteen points that define classical fascism, many readers know what fascism is – at least in theory. [217] Instead, it viewed workers and productive capitalists in common as productive people who were in conflict with parasitic elements in society including: corrupt political parties, corrupt financial capital and feeble people. Marinetti rejected conventional democracy based on majority rule and egalitarianism, for a new form of democracy, promoting what he described in his work "The Futurist Conception of Democracy" as the following: "We are therefore able to give the directions to create and to dismantle to numbers, to quantity, to the mass, for with us number, quantity and mass will never be—as they are in Germany and Russia—the number, quantity and mass of mediocre men, incapable and indecisive. After the onset of the Great Recession and economic crisis in Greece, a movement known as the Golden Dawn, widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in Greece's parliament, espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. “One of the most typical features of the historical fascism was the appeal to a frustrated middle class, a class suffering from an economic crisis or feelings of political humiliation, and frightened by the pressure of … Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people. The suffix -ism indicates a doctrine or set of principles. What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets debated amongst historians, political scientists, and other scholars since Benito Mussolini first used the term in 1915. “A Dictionary of Political Thought,” London: The Macmillan Press, 1982, p. 169) Scruton: (Some left-wing forms of government, such as forms of communism, are also considered to be totalitarian.). The words fascism and fascist have long been associated with the Fascisti of Benito Mussolini and the fasces, the bundle of rods with an ax among them, which the Fascisti used as a symbol of the Italian people united and obedient to the single authority of the state. ‘an outright ban is just fascism’. Believe, obey, fight: political socialization of youth in fascist Italy, 1922–1943. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021, Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition Historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. [4][16], The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio, meaning 'bundle of sticks', ultimately from the Latin word fasces. [89] They condemned the rationalistic, liberal individualism of society and the dissolution of social links in bourgeois society. Foremost characteristic of Fascism was extreme Nationalism. [263] Fascism aestheticized modern technology and its association with speed, power and violence. He denounced the contemporary "supercapitalism" that he claimed began in 1914 as a failure because of its alleged decadence, its support for unlimited consumerism, and its intention to create the "standardization of humankind. Interest in the history of fascism and the word itself has increased in the 21st century, along with a global rise of nationalism and movements associated with fascism. Still, there are some basic principles that can identify a Fascist movement: Absolute power of the State: The Fascist state is a glorious, living entity that is more important than any individual. Survival of the fittest: A Fascist state is only as glorious and powerful as its ability to wage wars and win them. The nation is led by a dictator who controls the government and the lives of the citizens – nobody is allowed to disagree with a fascist leader. On 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide. ", "Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang", "Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)", Review of Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany, "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", "Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. The film was made in 1938 for propaganda purposes. Benito Mussolini coined the term “ fascism ” in 1919 to describe his political movement, the black-shirted members the Fasci di combattimento (“combat groups”), who seized power in Italy in 1922. According to the authors, it was local elites and large landowners who played an important role in boosting Fascist Party activity and support, which did not come from socialists' core supporters but from centre-right voters, as they viewed traditional centre-right parties as ineffective in stopping socialism and turned to the Fascists. [138], Although Fascism adopted a number of anti-modern positions designed to appeal to people upset with the new trends in sexuality and women's rights—especially those with a reactionary point of view—the Fascists sought to maintain Fascism's revolutionary character, with Angelo Oliviero Olivetti saying: "Fascism would like to be conservative, but it will [be] by being revolutionary. 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