Ambassador to Vietnam, Graham Martin, speaking to the press on April 29, 1975 after an evacuation from South Vietnam. [7] There were also executive offices on the third floor for the Ambassador's office and other high-ranking members of the Mission. LAST FLIGHT OUT OF SAIGON Go LAST MARINES OUT OF SAIGON Go Last of the Mohawks Go Launchers Go LAW AT WAR: VIETNAM 1964-1973 VIETNAM STUDIES Go Law of Land Warfare Go LBJ and the Joint Chiefs Go LBJ Disengagement Strategy Go LBJ GOES TO WAR (1964-1965), TRANSCRIPT Go LBJ: Why Vietnam? “Martin really cared about the native population, and like many others he expected a bloodbath once the North Vietnamese entered the city. In a fresh look at the end of America's longest war, the editors have re-created the last days of America's Vietnam experience. April 29-30, 1975 - Communist forces complete their takeover of South Vietnam, forcing the evacuation from Saigon of civilians from the United States and the unconditional surrender of South Vietnam. Residents look at U.S. army guns collected in a Saigon street, after the fall of the city, May 27, 1975. The Vietnamese communist party was later established in 1962 as a component of the NLF. 2 for instructions. Ninety minutes later, Martin departed after being handed the folded embassy flag. The Viet Cong, the military arm, was part of the NLF. Neal Ulevich/AP Photo. [8]: 14, At 04:20, General William Westmoreland ordered the 716th MP Battalion to clear the embassy as their first priority. “From Hanoi’s point of view, the turmoil leading up to and including Nixon’s resignation was an opportunity to take advantage of a distracted United States,” says Tom Clavin, co-author of Last Men Out: The True Story of America's Heroic Final Hours in Vietnam. While the embassy attack (like much of the Tet Offensive) was tactically insignificant, it had a profound political and psychological impact. Jubilant communist troops on top of trucks and APCs making their way to the center of Saigon as the city fell under their control, April 30, 1975. When Lady Ace 09 transmitted "Tiger is out", those helicopters still flying thought the mission was complete, thereby delaying the evacuation to the marines from the embassy rooftop. This is history on a grand scale, and a book of overwhelming importance to the public record. People try to scale the 14-foot wall of the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, trying to reach evacuation helicopters, as the last of the Americans depart from Vietnam, April 29, 1975. During the final days of the Vietnam War, North Vietnamese forces closed in on Saigon as South Vietnamese resistance crumbled. Officials said government reinforcements were rushed to Hieu Thien in an effort to retake outposts and villages that fell to the North Vietnamese, March 17, 1975. The volume showcases Vietnam's remarkable independence in the face of Chinese and other external pressures and respects the complexity of the Vietnamese experience both past and present. By 09:00, the embassy was declared secure. The marines on the rooftop had sealed the doors to the rooftop and were using mace to discourage the crowd from trying to break through. From the frontier days of silent film up to the wild auteur period of the 1970s, Mark Bailey has pillaged the vaults of Hollywood history and lore to dig up the true—and often surprising—stories of seventy of our most beloved actors, ... U.S. Navy personnel aboard the U.S.S. U.S. President Gerald Ford (C) and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger(L) are briefed by National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft (R) on the evacuation of Saigon, April 28, 1975 at the White House in Washington, DC. On 29 April 1975, Operation Frequent Wind was executed, and 1373 American citizens, 5595 Vietnamese and Third Country Nationals were successfully evacuated by helicopter from the American Embassy Saigon and the DAO compound. Vietnamese civilians wait in front of the U.S. embassy in Saigon for visas to live in the United States two days before the fall of the city to North Vietnam communist forces, April 28, 1975. [25] The base of that flagpole is made of black granite salvaged from the old embassy building. The United States Embassy in Saigon was first established in June 1952, and moved into a new building in 1967 and eventually closed in 1975. [7], Although originally designed in early 1965 by the firm Curtis and Davis, their design had only called for three stories and due to the increased U.S. commitment in Vietnam, a larger building was needed. [7] It was also air conditioned, had its own water filtration system, and at the rear of the compound, had a power plant consisting of four 350 kilowatt generators. However, in the course of the evacuation it turned out that a few thousand people were stranded at the embassy… “Like the country he was ambassador to, Martin was barely functioning in April 1975,” Clavin says. At 3:30 a.m. Ford ordered Martin out of the embassy and stipulated that only Americans would be evacuated on the remaining flights. [3] Following the attack, South Vietnamese Foreign Minister Tran Van Do posthumously decorated Barbara Robbins and the Filipino navy serviceman with the Medal of Honor First Class. Last Days in Vietnam: Directed by Rory Kennedy. Although the United States had withdrawn its combat forces from Vietnam after the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, approximately 5,000 Americans—including diplomats, marine guards, contractors and Central Intelligence Agency employees—remained. Even the most robust ambassador would have been affected by the tremendous strain of representing a failed U.S. policy and walls crashing down all around him.”. This work focuses on the refugee crisis and the American aid workers--a colorful crew of malcontents and mavericks drawn from the State Department, military, USAID, CIA, and the Peace Corps--who took on the task of helping those most ... [16]: 8 At 11:30 PAVN tanks smashed through the gates of the presidential palace (now the Reunification Palace) and raised the Viet Cong flag over the building; the Vietnam War was over. [7] The embassy was opened on September 29, 1967, after more than two years of construction and cost a total of 2.6 million dollars. The U.S. Army Center of Military History is pleased to present a new pamphlet in its U.S. Army Campaigns of the Vietnam War series. The dulcet tones of “White Christmas” that crackled over Armed Forces Radio airwaves on April 29, 1975, failed to spread cheer across sunbaked Saigon. [18], The embassy building as well as the UK embassy located across the street were used as the offices of the Vietnamese national oil company, PetroVietnam, throughout the 1980s. In between glorious triumphs and noble catastrophes of military history lies a neglected stepchild: retreat. This book spans the modern era -- from horses to helicopters -- with highly detailed analysis of seven campaigns. What was going through my head was, I've got to survive this, and at the same time, I've got to capture this on film. This is the start of the fall of a country. This country is gone. This is history, right here and now. April 30, 2015 marks the 40th anniversary of the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces and the subsequent toppling of the U.S.-supported southern regime. The area was becoming politically and militarily unstable as communist forces advanced, just days before the fall of Saigon. Found insideAlready a classic of war reporting and now reissued as a Grove Press paperback, Black Hawk Down is Mark Bowden’s brilliant account of the longest sustained firefight involving American troops since the Vietnam War. Between 19:00 and 21:00 on 29 April approximately 130 additional marines from 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines were lifted from the DAO Compound to reinforce perimeter security at the embassy,[17]: 195 bringing the total number of marines at the embassy to 175. “And given the situation of Australians stranded across the globe because of Covid, this is going to be extremely difficult to do. The people in the photo were on a rooftop of an apartment building housing CIA officials and their families. Their listed COVID-19 testing fee is 2,200,000 VND. “The only sensible, practical way of doing this is an evacuation,” Leahy tells The Saturday Paper. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Sporadic gunfire from around the embassy passed over the rooftop. With little American appetite for re-engaging in the Vietnam War, Congress rejected Ford’s request for $722 million to aid South Vietnam. A U.S. civilian pilot in the aircraft doorway tries to maintain order as panicking South Vietnamese civilians scramble to get aboard during evacuation of Nha Trang, April 1, 1975. September 18, 1975 - Heiress Patty Hearst is captured after her year of kidnap and bank robbery in California. [17]: 200. That NLF, formally known as the National Front for the Liberation of the South, was created by North Vietnam December 20, 1960 to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and reunification of North and South Vietnam. The process also has been hampered by the coronavirus pandemic, which led the U.S. embassy in Afghanistan to suspend visa interviews. Military Hospital 175: Please call 0399 175 175 – Ext. An injured South Vietnamese war veteran limps away on a crutch with food looted from abandoned U.S. installations after evacuation of Saigon, April 29, 1975. [16]: 5. The stories of three of these Vietnamese who survived and eventually found their way to America are told here in stark and moving detail."--BOOK JACKET. A North Vietnamese communist tank driving through the main gate of the presidential palace of the U.S.-backed South Vietnam regime as the city falls into the hands of communist troops April 30, 1975. [17]: 199 At that time Major Kean estimated that there were still some 850 non-American evacuees and 225 Americans (including the marines), Ambassador Martin told Major Kean to do the best he could. [23][24], In early 1998, the Vietnamese government erected a red-stone memorial to the Viet Cong who fought in the embassy during the Tet offensive on the sidewalk outside the main gate of the former embassy compound which still remains there today. [1] Following the Geneva Accords of 1954 and the subsequent partitioning into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the United States did not extend diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam. Their listed COVID-19 testing fee is 2,100,000 VND. [16]: 7 At 03:00, Ambassador Martin ordered Major Kean to move all the remaining evacuees into the parking lot LZ which was the marines' final perimeter. During April a RAAF detachment of 7–8 Hercules transports flew humanitarian missions to aid civilian refugees displaced by the fighting and carried out the evacuation of … Helicopters and buses were to shuttle people from the embassy to the DAO Compound. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. The first two VC that crawled through the hole and into the grounds were shot and killed by the two MPs in their guard post at the Mac Dinh Chi Street entrance. Ambassador Martin remained optimistic that a negotiated settlement could be reached whereby the United States would not have to pull out of South Vietnam and, in an effort to avert defeatism and panic he specifically instructed Major James Kean, commanding officer of the Marine Security Guard Battalion and ground support force commander United States Embassy Compound, that he could not begin to remove trees and shrubbery which prevented the use of the embassy parking lot as a helicopter landing zone.[16]. [8]: 27–28 Later news reports corrected the facts of the attack, but the initial reports had shocked the American public. [16]: 7–8, At 04:58 Ambassador Martin boarded a USMC CH-46, call-sign "Lady Ace 09" of HMM-165 and was flown to the USS Blue Ridge. " --David Halberstam, Journalist and Historian In this intimate and exclusive remembrance on the 40th anniversary of the Fall of Saigon, celebrated Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Peter Arnett tells the story of his role covering the ... Martin repeatedly refused to leave his post to ensure as many people as possible were airlifted. Lacking armored vehicles and helicopters, the MPs moved in more troops to cordon off the embassy. Vietnam is gone.”. [7] The lattice facade extends from the first story to the roof, covering the entire building in a protective white terrazzo sunscreen. [3][4] The U.S. Congress appropriated $1 million to reconstruct the embassy in a new location following the attack and although retaliatory raids on North Vietnam were suggested, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson refused. Found insideGeneral Cao Van Vien describes the final collapse of the South Vietnamese forces in 1975 following the military U.S. withdrawl. “General Cao Van Vien was the last chairman of the South Vietnamese Joint General Staff. Bettmann Archive / via Getty Images While approximately 10,000 people clamored outside the embassy gates, marine guards faced the unenviable task of deciding who would be saved and who would be left behind. Fall of Saigon: South Vietnam surrenders. North Vietnamese soldiers sit on top of a tank posted in front of the presidential palace of the U.S.-backed regime as hundreds of Saigon residents gather around after the city falls to communist troops on the same day, April 30, 1975. The South Vietnamese stronghold of Saigon (now known as Ho Chi Minh City) falls to People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong on April 30, 1975. The war in Vietnam ended April 30, 1975 as the government in Saigon announced its unconditional surrender to the Vietcong. [8]: 29–30. More than two bitter decades of war in Vietnam ended with the last days of April 1975. On the ground floor a water tanker was driven through the chancery door, and the crowd began to surge up through the building toward the rooftop. [18] It was decided that the former embassy building was unusable after more than 20 years of neglect in Vietnam's tropical climate,[20] but also that because the history of the building itself carried such negative connotations, it did not fit with the new U.S.–Vietnam relationship. A line of captured U.S.-backed South Vietnamese Army soldiers are escorted by Vietnamese communist soldiers as they walk on a Saigon street after the city fell into the hands of the communist troops on the same day, April 30, 1975. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. A noted journalist draws on his firsthand impressions and experiences to interweave the lives of thirty men and women, both American and Vietnamese, who became caught up in the climactic fall of Saigon in April 1975 Meanwhile, South Vietnamese air force pilots commandeered helicopters, loaded their families on board and landed on the decks of American ships. The original evacuation plans had not called for a large-scale helicopter operation at the United States Embassy, Saigon. In this photo, a Roman Catholic priest helps an elderly villager brave the windy rotor blast from a government helicopter as they run to board it from west of Tuy Hoa in Vietnam, March 27, 1975. Shortly after taking Saigon on April 30, North Vietnamese soldiers and intelligence officers went to the deserted embassy where they found numerous classified documents left behind. Found insideAlthough The Last of the Annamese and its characters are fiction, the events chronicled in the book are historical fact. Until 2015, many of those facts were classified. The MPs radioed for help before being killed by VC fire. However, after the Watergate scandal forced Nixon to resign, the North Vietnamese Army felt emboldened to launch a major offensive in March 1975. [8] There were two entry gates, a pedestrian entrance on Thong Nhut Boulevard and a vehicle entrance on Mac Dinh Chi Street. While plans called for the extraction of only Americans, Martin insisted that Vietnamese government and military officials and support staff also be evacuated. In 1995, the U.S. and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam formally established relations and the embassy grounds and building were handed back to the United States. On the early morning of 31 January 1968, as part of the Tet Offensive, 19 Viet Cong sappers from the elite C-10 Sapper Battalion attacked the embassy. On 4 November 1968, Ambassador Bunker presented a scroll of appreciation to LTC Tyler H. Fletcher, commanding officer of the 716th Military Police Battalion for their role in defending the embassy. [17]: 200, At 04:30 with the 19 lift limit already exceeded, Major Kean went to the rooftop LZ and spoke over a helicopter radio with General Carey who advised that President Ford had ordered that the airlift be limited to U.S. personnel and General Carey, Commanding General, 9th MAB, ordered Major Kean to withdraw his men into the chancery building and withdraw to the rooftop LZ for evacuation. Last Days in Vietnam: Directed by Rory Kennedy. The war ended on April 30, 1975, with the fall of Saigon, now known as Ho Chi Minh City, to communist troops from the north. At 07:00, Major General Homer D. Smith, the defense attache, advised Ambassador Martin that fixed wing evacuations should cease and that Operation Frequent Wind, the helicopter evacuation of U.S. personnel and at-risk Vietnamese should commence. Bettmann Archive / via Getty Images The site selected was a 3.18-acre (12,900 m2) site known as the Norodom Compound at No 4 Thong Nhut (now Le Duan) Boulevard at the corner of Thong Nhut and Mac Dinh Chi Street, near to where the Bến Nghé River enters the Saigon River. A soldier of the National Liberation Forces (NLF) of North Vietnam surveys the National Assembly building in Saigon, after the fall of the city, April 30, 1975. [16]: 6, At 21:30 a CH-53 pilot informed Major Kean that the Admiral Whitmire, Commander of Task Force 76 had ordered that operations cease at 23:00. The Last Helicopter Leaves US Embassy in Saigon A CIA employee helps Vietnamese evacuees onto an Air America helicopter on top of a building a half mile from the U.S. Embassy… In a cable sent to the Australian embassy in Saigon shortly before the city fell to … Mike Sullivan, Marine Embassy Guard: We left, by my watch at 7:58, Saigon time. Early on the morning of April 29, North Vietnamese troops shelled Saigon’s Tan Son Nhut Air Base, killing two U.S. Marines guarding the defense attaché office compound. Nowhere to go and nothing to do, South Vietnamese refugees from Hue and the northern provinces pause on the dock waiting for the government to relocate them to the central coastal area at Da Nang in Vietnam, March 28, 1975. The chancery was designed for a staff of 200, with 49,670 square feet of office space comprising 140 offices. Tells the full story of the man who fought three of the world's great powersand won. Cecil B. Currey makes clear one primary reason why America lost the Vietnam War: Vo Nguyen Giap. At 15:00 the first CH-53s were sighted heading towards the DAO Compound at Tan Son Nhut. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The VC were engaged by two military policemen from the 716th Military Police Battalion[9] – part of the 18th Military Police Brigade – at the vehicle entrance on Mac Dinh Chi Street who raised the alarm. [22] During the demolition of the embassy the ladder leading from the embassy rooftop to the helipad was removed and sent back to the United States, where it is now on display at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum. [16]: 6, At 17:00 the first CH-46 landed at the embassy. U.S. CH-46s evacuated the Battalion Landing Team by 07:00, and after an anxious wait a lone CH-46 "Swift 2-2" of HMM-164[17]: 200 arrived to evacuate Major Kean and the ten remaining men of the Marine Security Guards; this last helicopter took off at 07:53 on 30 April and landed on USS Okinawa at 09:30. LAST FLIGHT OUT OF SAIGON Go LAST MARINES OUT OF SAIGON Go Last of the Mohawks Go Launchers Go LAW AT WAR: VIETNAM 1964-1973 VIETNAM STUDIES Go Law of Land Warfare Go LBJ and the Joint Chiefs Go LBJ Disengagement Strategy Go LBJ GOES TO WAR (1964-1965), TRANSCRIPT Go LBJ: Why Vietnam? Martin, who had been ill for months, was fearful of inciting panic in the city and determined to fulfill the mandate given to him by Nixon upon his appointment two years earlier to preserve South Vietnam’s existence. On 12 April 1975, the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade (9th MAB), which was to supply helicopters and a security force for the evacuation, sent a delegation to consult with Ambassador Graham Martin on current plans. A CIA employee helps Vietnamese evacuees onto an Air America helicopter on top of a building a half mile from the U.S. Embassy. [16]: 6 At the same time, General Carey met with Admiral Whitmire to convince him to resume flights to the embassy despite pilot weariness and poor visibility caused by darkness, fires and bad weather. [16]: 7 Major Kean returned the ground floor of the chancery and ordered his men to withdraw into a large semicircle at the main entrance to the chancery. Rescue 2 doesn't leave a fire until everybody's safe-they're the last men out. These firemen are an unforgettable group of gritty, larger-than-life personalities, and Tom Downey's book is a new firefighting classic. (An iconic photograph of Vietnamese evacuees climbing up a rickety wooden staircase to a helicopter on an apartment building roof the previous day is often misremembered as the last helicopter to leave the American embassy.) [8]: 9–10 [10], Minutes later at 02:47, the VC blew a small hole in the perimeter wall on Thong Nhut Boulevard and gained access to the embassy compound. [17]: 196, By the morning of 29 April it was estimated that approximately 10,000 people had gathered around the embassy, while some 2,500 evacuees were in the embassy and consular compounds. [16]: 7 At 03:27 President Gerald Ford ordered that no more than 19 additional lifts be allowed to complete the evacuation. Brigadier General Richard E. Carey, commander of the 9th MAB, flew to Saigon the next day to see Ambassador Martin, he later said that ‘The visit was cold, non-productive and appeared to be an irritant to the Ambassador’.[15]. [7], The embassy comprised two separate compounds, a consular compound sealed off by a separate wall and steel gate and the embassy compound with the embassy chancery building, behind it was a parking lot, a two-story villa used as a residence by the mission coordinator (a civilian assistant to the United States Ambassador to South Vietnam), a motor pool and other facilities. The marines closed and bolted the chancery door, the elevators were locked by Seabees on the 6th floor and the marines withdrew up the stairwells locking grill gates behind them. Explores the many factors that led Lockheed from near bankruptcy in the 1930s to become one of the most successful and innovative aerospace corporations in the world With some pilots flying for 19 hours straight, the American military had carried out an incredible evacuation of 7,000 people, including 5,500 Vietnamese, in less than 24 hours. Om ambulancetjeneste og luftbåren evakuering af sårede i amerikanske hær under Vietnamkrigen, og udført med helikoptere. Mike Sullivan, Marine Embassy Guard: We left, by my watch at 7:58, Saigon time. Ambassador to South Vietnam, the Legation in Saigon's status was raised and the embassy was formally established. A communist soldier at the Independence Palace in Saigon, April 30, 1975. The fall of Da Nang, South Vietnam’s second-largest city, on March 29 unleashed a furious exodus that included desperate residents clinging to the rear staircase and landing gear of a World Airways plane and falling to their deaths as it took flight. His story is thus the story of America during its era of supremacy: its strength, drive, and sense of possibility, as well as its penchant for overreach and heedless self-confidence. A ‘Saigon moment’: Biden feels political heat as chaos looms in Afghanistan By Nahal Toosi and Andrew Desiderio 6/24/2021 One dead after Texas party boat with dozens of passengers capsizes [18] The former embassy building was demolished between the period of May and July 1998 during which two Vietnamese demolition workers died after falling several stories down an elevator shaft. “The physical and emotional exhaustion of Martin affected his decision-making. [8]: 23–24, The remaining marines of the Marine Security Guard detachment were organised into quick reaction teams and headed to the embassy where they laid fire on the embassy gardens. Through the day and into the night, helicopters landed at 10-minute intervals on the embassy roof and in an adjacent parking lot. South Vietnamese civilians try to scale the 14-foot wall of the U.S. embassy in Saigon, trying to reach evacuation helicopters as the last Americans departed from Vietnam, April 29, 1975. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [1] On June 24, 1952, after the U.S. Senate confirmed Donald R. Heath as the U.S. As the North Vietnamese army closed in on the capital of Saigon evacuation of American personnel along with selected Vietnamese began. He served three years with distinction as a Marine in Vietnam, including aiding with the evacuation and fall of Saigon. In early 1975 the communists launched a major offensive in the north of South Vietnam, resulting in the fall of Saigon on 30 April. The primary intent of this series is to emphasize and dramatize the human aspects of this long and frustrating struggle, straying somewhat away from the cold hard statistics of “tons of bombs dropped” and “structures destroyed,” etc ... US losses were 4 MPs and 1 marine killed. [11][12] An MP Jeep patrol responded to the calls for help from the embassy but as they approached the embassy they were met by automatic weapons fire from the VC that were outside the wall, killing both MPs. After the airport was disabled, the final airlift shifted to the embassy, with helicopters using the embassy roof as a landing pad. [2], On March 30, 1965, the Viet Cong detonated a car-bomb outside the embassy. [6] The embassy was next to the French embassy, opposite the British embassy, and located near the Presidential Palace. April 30, 2015 / 10:44 AM The VC could easily have blasted their way into the chancery had they been ordered to do so; instead they took positions in or near the circular planters around the chancery and returned fire at the growing numbers of Americans shooting at them. Inside the South Vietnamese capital, U.S. ambassador Graham Martin rebuffed repeated calls to even consider an evacuation, let alone execute one. September 18, 1975 - Heiress Patty Hearst is captured after her year of kidnap and bank robbery in California. [4] Quickly following the brief exchange of fire, the car, which contained 300 pounds of plastic explosives, detonated in front of the embassy killing two Americans, one female CIA employee, Barbara Robbins and another American, as well as 19 Vietnamese and one Filipino serving in the U.S. Navy along with injuring 183 others. The drama of the apocalyptic final hours of the Vietnam War The first news reports of the embassy attack were sent by the Associated Press at 03:15 based on fragmentary information, a later report stated that three VC had entered the embassy grounds. [13][14], In addition to three marines, there were two Vietnamese and six American civilians inside the chancery building at the time of the attack. [18][19], Following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, a new U.S. embassy was opened in Hanoi in 1995 and the site of the former U.S. Embassy in Saigon was handed back to the U.S. The black and white photo of this event by Dutch photojournalist Hugh Van Es became an iconic image of the war, symbolizing a desperate U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam. A culmination of exhaustive research in three distinct areas: primary source documents from American archives, North Vietnamese publications containing primary and secondary source material, and dozens of articles and numerous interviews ... A National Liberation Front Army soldier (NLF) (L) patrols the streets of Saigon, after the fall of the city, 17 May 1975. [17], The two major evacuation points chosen for Operation Frequent Wind were the DAO Compound adjacent to Tan Son Nhut Airport for American civilian and Vietnamese evacuees and the embassy for embassy staff. The United States had been fighting in Vietnam for over two-and-a-half years, 20,000 Americans had been killed and despite the presence of nearly 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, the VC had managed to penetrate the U.S. Embassy. The Americans armed themselves with .38 revolvers, Beretta M12 submachine guns and a shotgun and waited for the VC to come inside. In the days before the fall of Saigon, all American military and civilians were evacuated along with thousands of South Vietnamese in Operation Frequent Wind, the largest helicopter evacuation in history.
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