���P�х�Ǟ>V��z=0X��v����0��(��Xw)p�A�I��'�>]��W�)��-�3��ZE���FZvC���3G(k��(�z͇�����������w�z���u�p��G=�r��4u� &.��E|��0_0�a��GK@)�o�i5Ɣ�@��wu�|CG �؉�;�-�����vʧ�0����0���j[>HH��'0�m�U��a����>��v/�A��r�~�f�$�w��ˆpf{��@�ֵp����$�8"��ꬾ�Ăo���3��F|���4�u����;8���!����[�'0c@"��@)��EN�pi��bw����I6���:��-Ly�ʴ�QUt����:�䇼��TB���0-����X�c�uo�����d��芇KJT���2yD}�=�~eP��x�Ȳ�O�LӖ��� w޼k‚T�#p�"eE�uu]"M�bk���7�����}�D�d�i_�w۴�^#�{�FK۴� �}�!�LΜ��ٓ � ��DJ���*% t#Ve%;��;io0}J�0L$�S��� P�?e��o,o��>X����$Xy��� �߲� �5�9����Q�'���2;�3G� �`+~�=s9!� �_��@�?. working at height, manual handling, electricity, noise, Participants will be able to identify potential hazards and what steps can be taken to avoid unsafe conditions when working in and near an excavation site. The greatest risk from excavations is cave-ins. Hazards are the main cause of occupational health and safety problems. They are at risk of exposure to many different types of health hazards that can result in injury, illness, disability, or even death. … Risk classification is a significant step in the risk management process, as it attempts to structure the diverse risks affecting a construction project. Enrol now and train your team with this free excavation and trenching course from EdApp, an award-winning mobile microlearning platform. Conduct atmosphere tests. It is beneficial for developers seeking to provide a risk-free environment in certain risk-laden occupations. ����d{g�eٔ` .� �X�fiUp���Ua�Ζ��������EK��'ToD��[,�f�@�l�끼`��W���_�^O�{_�����6H9 ^���E��+��օzAaTrn��xx#�ѝh��]1��=��Ml�-�߬v�� .� �^b�L"�c�>p��"œ�vG��`�I9r��ڊO�Dh��)ROy/�^�3i�$I�����^�� � �Po���!�f��g;v^����Aԁ��n[�h�7~������� F�Y���������/a�O�:�.���KC���! materials handling, heavy equipment Found inside – Page 297There are numerous available techniques for identifying, analyzing, and assessing construction-related hazards and risks, each of which may be useful in ... The excavation safety and related ground construction procedures are now an integral part of modern construction management. 2.4.5 Risks in construction projects 23 2.5 The risk management process 24 2.5.1 Risk identification 24 2.5.2 Assessment/analysis 26 2.5.3 Risk response 32 2.5.4 Monitoring 33 3 METHOD AND MATERIALS 35 3.1 Data collection 35 3.2 Case study and interviews 36 3.3 Limitations 36 4 RESULTS 37 4.1 Project description 37 864 0 obj <>stream Found inside – Page 187To manage potential safety hazards during excavation, ... as suction excavation were employed for small excavations to reduce the risk of cable strikes, ... The way to keep excavations safe, like most site activities, is to create a reliable and consistent process which abides by the law and includes a number of checks and balances. Primary duty of care A PCBU must eliminate risks arising from excavation work, or if that is not reasonably practicable, minimise the risks, so far as is reasonably practicable. 6.3.3 Work Permit:Ensure proper Pemit-To-Work is obtained as per the Permit-to-Work (TPSMS/CSP/PTW/008) procedures. construction of a project. Image: Types of Risk in Construction Projects. 6.3.3 Work Permit:Ensure proper Pemit-To-Work is obtained as per the Permit-to-Work (TPSMS/CSP/PTW/008) procedures. After the risk assessment has been completed and approved by the project manager or relevant person, work can commence and the safe excavation can take place. Operatives At all stages of the excavation, a competent person must supervise the work and the workers given clear instructions on working safely in the excavation. %��������� In order to mitigate the chances of potentially catastrophic events (including hitting a utility service), workers, management and safety teams engaging in excavation activities conduct excavation risk … Found inside – Page 320Available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/osh.pdf . 3. ... To assess the hazards of trenching and excavation work in the United States , CDC reviewed ... The template has been created with a motive to assess occupational risk hazards in the construction and operation period of wind turbines. • Both these group of people have different risk level, but they are at Here are some of the dangers brought by excavations: A cave-in is probably the deadliest excavation hazard, where walls can suddenly collapse without warning, workers do not have time to move out of the way, and cubic yards of dirt can fatally crush and suffocate. Regular pre-work inspections can reduce hazards and serious risk of injury. It is equipment and clothing that is worn to protect against or minimise work place risks. Avoid underground services and make sure not to undermine nearby structures – use safe digging practice and dig away from them. Found inside – Page 171... Treatment Chemically converts hazardous contaminants to non-hazardous or ... org/download/remed/asr/13/SRR_13th_MainDocument.pdf> component for sources, ... 1/3/12) Project Team: The Owner’s Representative, Architect and Contractor, together with such other persons or entities selected by the Project Team and whose management, responsibility and Found insideThe volume's contributors demonstrate that implementation of a range of prevention strategies-presented in an essential package of interventions and policies-could achieve a convergence in death and disability rates that would avert more ... This guide is the first step towards that goal. In U.S. federal regulations, OSHA standards for excavations are specifically found in Title 29 (Labor) Part 1926 (Safety and Health Regulations for Construction) Subpart P (Excavations), or 29 CFR 1926 subpart P. The excavation regulation also contains appendices for the following: The scope and application of excavation standards states that excavations include trenches which means that a trench is a type of excavation. Environmental Or Acts Of Gods Risk. 3. The Specific Hazards Associated with Excavations Are as Follows If the score is 9 and above, or of concern to ill health then the Hazard is rated as “Major Risk” 4.5.2 If identified Hazards do not attract any Legal & Other requirements, then its The construction of the base for the heavy lifting crane and platform for erecting the crane and processing the portal beams will involve excavation to a minimum formation level of 104mLUL* (i.e. While a trench can be called a trench excavation and all trenches are excavations, not all excavations are made up of trenches only. In summary, three main branches of research were identified: management of occupational safety and health in construction, risk quantification through modeling, and probability applied to risk … It was also where the agency developed a much better understanding of the hazards of carbon monoxide in Some categorize risks in construction projects broadly into external risks and internal risks while others classify risk in more detailed categories of political risk, financial risk, market risk, intellectual property risk, social risk, safety risk, etc. 3. •Ergonomic hazards include mainly manual handling of loads. PDF | This review attempts to identify the health hazards, risks and causes of poor safety practices in construction sites. Subject Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide Internal Ref 03.01(a) Legal reference Section 8 of OHS Act, 1993 GUIDE TO HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT (HIRA) 1. While it is unfortunate, accidents can happen while on the job. Found inside – Page 128Hazards The HSE define hazards in their publication Five steps to risk assessment at www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf. They say a hazard is anything that ... into separate cells which are quantified based on the amount of risk present. A competent person in excavation safety is an individual, designated by the employer, who has the authorization to take immediate. Studies show that excavation work is one of the most hazardous types of work done in the construction industry. Found inside – Page 2Safety and avoidance of The design of soil support to deep excavations on land ... loss of ground into the excavation which might cause an unacceptable risk ... , OSHA standards for excavations are specifically found in Title 29 (Labor) Part 1926 (Safety and Health Regulations for Construction) Subpart P (Excavations), or 29 CFR 1926 subpart P. The excavation regulation also contains appendices for the following: Excavation and trenching are amongst the most dangerous operations in the construction industry. One cubic yard of soil can weigh as much as a car. Another way to help reinforce excavation safety is by conducting, Preventing Displacement of Ramps and Runways, Safety Tips for Sloped and Benched Excavations, Precautions for Exposure to Vehicular Traffic, Safety Measures for Exposure to Falling Loads, Protection from Water Accumulation-related Hazards, Accepted Engineering Practices for Specific Excavation Sites, Application of Tabulated Data by Registered Professional Engineers. WHS Act section 19. design and construction of specific projects. Excavation and trenching are amongst the most dangerous operations in the construction industry. Dangers can include cave-ins, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres , and hazards from using heavy equipment. Regular pre-work inspections can reduce hazards and serious risk of injury. Be mindful of the location of utilities underground. exposure to hazardous contaminants and toxic atmospheres. Carlo Sheen Escano is a contributing writer for SafetyCulture based in Makati City, Philippines. Found inside – Page 319Available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/osh.pdf . 3. ... To assess the hazards of trenching and excavation work in the United States , CDC reviewed ... If safe routes are not present, notify supervisor immediately. endstream endobj 836 0 obj <. Sheen has experience in digital marketing and has been writing for SafetyCulture since 2018. " "Excavation is a multi-disciplined activity involving civil, construction and mining engineers, earth-scientists and geologists. The book will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students of these disciplines."--BOOK JACKET. The Construction Chart Book presents the most complete data available on all facets of the U.S. construction industry: economic, demographic, employment/income, education/training, and safety and health issues. Inspect trenches following a rainstorm or other water intrusion The WHS Regulation includes more specific obligations for PCBUs to manage the risks of hazardous chemicals, airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with excavation The description of risks and hazards in this publication is not intended to be complete and comprehensive, nor are the prescriptions for design and construction of specific projects. Excavation is the removal of soil or rock from a construction site that creates an open space for installing pipes, equipment, etc using various construction tools, machinery, or explosives. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data reveal that 3 out of 4 excavation-related fatalities are caused by cave-ins. Causes the sides to become unstable 2. is a mobile-ready app that helps ensure safety protocols were followed by employees before commencing excavation works. Found inside – Page 243Mangement, L. The Importance Of Fire Safety on Construction Sites. ... injuries and their risk factors in residential buildings: A systematic review. Quad bikes. Health Hazards Health hazards in the construction industry can be grouped under chemical hazards, physical hazards and ergonomic hazards: • Chemicals can affect the body via inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. During the operation phase Big data from sensors built into … << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The WHS Regulation includes specific requirements for PCBUs to manage the risks of hazardous chemicals, airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with demolition work. 17. This comprehensive guide: Describes the critical steps of planning monitoring programs using geotechnical instrumentation, including what benefits can be achieved and how construction specifications should be written Describes and evaluates ... This manual focuses primarily on the civil elements of design and construction of road tunnels. This leads to a great challenge in protecting the health and safety of construction workers. There are a variety of ways in which water risks can manifest. Dangers can include cave-ins, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres, and hazards from using heavy equipment. As an employer, you must look at the tasks that your employees are carrying out and work out what the level of risk is to their safety. • Know where to park and a safe route to your work station. Excavation Safety is a standardized set of safety precautions for trenching and excavation to eliminate hazards and control risks in compliance with regulations. 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excavation hazards and risks pdf

Written by on wrzesień 18, 2021 in Bez kategorii

16.3 Construction hazards and controls The Construction (Design and Management (CDM) Regulations 2007 deal with many of the hazards likely to be found on a building site. A successful Safety Risk Management System (SRMS) can reduce accident rates and protect construction company’s physical, organizational and human capitals, hence bring benefit to the project and the company. U-M Construction Safety Requirements 3 of 32 January 2010 (Rev. Because every construction project is different, each offers a multitude of varying risks. 855 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<91ACB9042F32E645B55616F3F15DC6CA>]/Index[835 30]/Info 834 0 R/Length 100/Prev 170266/Root 836 0 R/Size 865/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Excavation and trenching are amongst the most dangerous operations in the construction industry. an excavation 1) Always batter back edges or support the sides of excavations to reduce risk of collapse 2) Control plant movements around excavations and ensure that top blocks are used where necessary 3) Ensure safe means of access and egress into and out of the excavation Found inside – Page 248for the NEBOSH National Certificate in Construction Health and Safety Phil ... http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ indg382.pdf risks from reversing vehicles on the ... Replace your paper-based excavation inspection forms with free digital excavation templates you can use with the, Available on Android, iOS, and the web, use. x�Y�r��}���Gl��Y �J%%��MWD�Yz���Т�4�%#'����=� �KRr�T����}��e�w���.6�׷)��o��+���MlۡRl�}�T�!^\ŧ�WmY�ě���Y�ԛ^�!�.��u =�pȋ�nc�.�_�f��~���bS�e�J�ޢf��o�S �����:^Ń�����ƪ�U�b���N��#/����U�䏶�Zf��_��K���tu��h -7�]>f�:��v�eqfY0lv,��[v��)V?��ߚ �ɫZ���xH#�om�/�X}!B|���&V7���9VD".m�s>���P�х�Ǟ>V��z=0X��v����0��(��Xw)p�A�I��'�>]��W�)��-�3��ZE���FZvC���3G(k��(�z͇�����������w�z���u�p��G=�r��4u� &.��E|��0_0�a��GK@)�o�i5Ɣ�@��wu�|CG �؉�;�-�����vʧ�0����0���j[>HH��'0�m�U��a����>��v/�A��r�~�f�$�w��ˆpf{��@�ֵp����$�8"��ꬾ�Ăo���3��F|���4�u����;8���!����[�'0c@"��@)��EN�pi��bw����I6���:��-Ly�ʴ�QUt����:�䇼��TB���0-����X�c�uo�����d��芇KJT���2yD}�=�~eP��x�Ȳ�O�LӖ��� w޼k‚T�#p�"eE�uu]"M�bk���7�����}�D�d�i_�w۴�^#�{�FK۴� �}�!�LΜ��ٓ � ��DJ���*% t#Ve%;��;io0}J�0L$�S��� P�?e��o,o��>X����$Xy��� �߲� �5�9����Q�'���2;�3G� �`+~�=s9!� �_��@�?. working at height, manual handling, electricity, noise, Participants will be able to identify potential hazards and what steps can be taken to avoid unsafe conditions when working in and near an excavation site. The greatest risk from excavations is cave-ins. Hazards are the main cause of occupational health and safety problems. They are at risk of exposure to many different types of health hazards that can result in injury, illness, disability, or even death. … Risk classification is a significant step in the risk management process, as it attempts to structure the diverse risks affecting a construction project. Enrol now and train your team with this free excavation and trenching course from EdApp, an award-winning mobile microlearning platform. Conduct atmosphere tests. It is beneficial for developers seeking to provide a risk-free environment in certain risk-laden occupations. ����d{g�eٔ` .� �X�fiUp���Ua�Ζ��������EK��'ToD��[,�f�@�l�끼`��W���_�^O�{_�����6H9 ^���E��+��օzAaTrn��xx#�ѝh��]1��=��Ml�-�߬v�� .� �^b�L"�c�>p��"œ�vG��`�I9r��ڊO�Dh��)ROy/�^�3i�$I�����^�� � �Po���!�f��g;v^����Aԁ��n[�h�7~������� F�Y���������/a�O�:�.���KC���! materials handling, heavy equipment Found inside – Page 297There are numerous available techniques for identifying, analyzing, and assessing construction-related hazards and risks, each of which may be useful in ... The excavation safety and related ground construction procedures are now an integral part of modern construction management. 2.4.5 Risks in construction projects 23 2.5 The risk management process 24 2.5.1 Risk identification 24 2.5.2 Assessment/analysis 26 2.5.3 Risk response 32 2.5.4 Monitoring 33 3 METHOD AND MATERIALS 35 3.1 Data collection 35 3.2 Case study and interviews 36 3.3 Limitations 36 4 RESULTS 37 4.1 Project description 37 864 0 obj <>stream Found inside – Page 187To manage potential safety hazards during excavation, ... as suction excavation were employed for small excavations to reduce the risk of cable strikes, ... The way to keep excavations safe, like most site activities, is to create a reliable and consistent process which abides by the law and includes a number of checks and balances. Primary duty of care A PCBU must eliminate risks arising from excavation work, or if that is not reasonably practicable, minimise the risks, so far as is reasonably practicable. 6.3.3 Work Permit:Ensure proper Pemit-To-Work is obtained as per the Permit-to-Work (TPSMS/CSP/PTW/008) procedures. construction of a project. Image: Types of Risk in Construction Projects. 6.3.3 Work Permit:Ensure proper Pemit-To-Work is obtained as per the Permit-to-Work (TPSMS/CSP/PTW/008) procedures. After the risk assessment has been completed and approved by the project manager or relevant person, work can commence and the safe excavation can take place. Operatives At all stages of the excavation, a competent person must supervise the work and the workers given clear instructions on working safely in the excavation. %��������� In order to mitigate the chances of potentially catastrophic events (including hitting a utility service), workers, management and safety teams engaging in excavation activities conduct excavation risk … Found inside – Page 320Available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/osh.pdf . 3. ... To assess the hazards of trenching and excavation work in the United States , CDC reviewed ... The template has been created with a motive to assess occupational risk hazards in the construction and operation period of wind turbines. • Both these group of people have different risk level, but they are at Here are some of the dangers brought by excavations: A cave-in is probably the deadliest excavation hazard, where walls can suddenly collapse without warning, workers do not have time to move out of the way, and cubic yards of dirt can fatally crush and suffocate. Regular pre-work inspections can reduce hazards and serious risk of injury. It is equipment and clothing that is worn to protect against or minimise work place risks. Avoid underground services and make sure not to undermine nearby structures – use safe digging practice and dig away from them. Found inside – Page 171... Treatment Chemically converts hazardous contaminants to non-hazardous or ... org/download/remed/asr/13/SRR_13th_MainDocument.pdf> component for sources, ... 1/3/12) Project Team: The Owner’s Representative, Architect and Contractor, together with such other persons or entities selected by the Project Team and whose management, responsibility and Found insideThe volume's contributors demonstrate that implementation of a range of prevention strategies-presented in an essential package of interventions and policies-could achieve a convergence in death and disability rates that would avert more ... This guide is the first step towards that goal. In U.S. federal regulations, OSHA standards for excavations are specifically found in Title 29 (Labor) Part 1926 (Safety and Health Regulations for Construction) Subpart P (Excavations), or 29 CFR 1926 subpart P. The excavation regulation also contains appendices for the following: The scope and application of excavation standards states that excavations include trenches which means that a trench is a type of excavation. Environmental Or Acts Of Gods Risk. 3. The Specific Hazards Associated with Excavations Are as Follows If the score is 9 and above, or of concern to ill health then the Hazard is rated as “Major Risk” 4.5.2 If identified Hazards do not attract any Legal & Other requirements, then its The construction of the base for the heavy lifting crane and platform for erecting the crane and processing the portal beams will involve excavation to a minimum formation level of 104mLUL* (i.e. While a trench can be called a trench excavation and all trenches are excavations, not all excavations are made up of trenches only. In summary, three main branches of research were identified: management of occupational safety and health in construction, risk quantification through modeling, and probability applied to risk … It was also where the agency developed a much better understanding of the hazards of carbon monoxide in Some categorize risks in construction projects broadly into external risks and internal risks while others classify risk in more detailed categories of political risk, financial risk, market risk, intellectual property risk, social risk, safety risk, etc. 3. •Ergonomic hazards include mainly manual handling of loads. PDF | This review attempts to identify the health hazards, risks and causes of poor safety practices in construction sites. Subject Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide Internal Ref 03.01(a) Legal reference Section 8 of OHS Act, 1993 GUIDE TO HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT (HIRA) 1. While it is unfortunate, accidents can happen while on the job. Found inside – Page 128Hazards The HSE define hazards in their publication Five steps to risk assessment at www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf. They say a hazard is anything that ... into separate cells which are quantified based on the amount of risk present. A competent person in excavation safety is an individual, designated by the employer, who has the authorization to take immediate. Studies show that excavation work is one of the most hazardous types of work done in the construction industry. Found inside – Page 2Safety and avoidance of The design of soil support to deep excavations on land ... loss of ground into the excavation which might cause an unacceptable risk ... , OSHA standards for excavations are specifically found in Title 29 (Labor) Part 1926 (Safety and Health Regulations for Construction) Subpart P (Excavations), or 29 CFR 1926 subpart P. The excavation regulation also contains appendices for the following: Excavation and trenching are amongst the most dangerous operations in the construction industry. One cubic yard of soil can weigh as much as a car. Another way to help reinforce excavation safety is by conducting, Preventing Displacement of Ramps and Runways, Safety Tips for Sloped and Benched Excavations, Precautions for Exposure to Vehicular Traffic, Safety Measures for Exposure to Falling Loads, Protection from Water Accumulation-related Hazards, Accepted Engineering Practices for Specific Excavation Sites, Application of Tabulated Data by Registered Professional Engineers. WHS Act section 19. design and construction of specific projects. Excavation and trenching are amongst the most dangerous operations in the construction industry. Dangers can include cave-ins, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres , and hazards from using heavy equipment. Regular pre-work inspections can reduce hazards and serious risk of injury. Be mindful of the location of utilities underground. exposure to hazardous contaminants and toxic atmospheres. Carlo Sheen Escano is a contributing writer for SafetyCulture based in Makati City, Philippines. Found inside – Page 319Available at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/osh.pdf . 3. ... To assess the hazards of trenching and excavation work in the United States , CDC reviewed ... If safe routes are not present, notify supervisor immediately. endstream endobj 836 0 obj <. Sheen has experience in digital marketing and has been writing for SafetyCulture since 2018. " "Excavation is a multi-disciplined activity involving civil, construction and mining engineers, earth-scientists and geologists. The book will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students of these disciplines."--BOOK JACKET. The Construction Chart Book presents the most complete data available on all facets of the U.S. construction industry: economic, demographic, employment/income, education/training, and safety and health issues. Inspect trenches following a rainstorm or other water intrusion The WHS Regulation includes more specific obligations for PCBUs to manage the risks of hazardous chemicals, airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with excavation The description of risks and hazards in this publication is not intended to be complete and comprehensive, nor are the prescriptions for design and construction of specific projects. Excavation is the removal of soil or rock from a construction site that creates an open space for installing pipes, equipment, etc using various construction tools, machinery, or explosives. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data reveal that 3 out of 4 excavation-related fatalities are caused by cave-ins. Causes the sides to become unstable 2. is a mobile-ready app that helps ensure safety protocols were followed by employees before commencing excavation works. Found inside – Page 243Mangement, L. The Importance Of Fire Safety on Construction Sites. ... injuries and their risk factors in residential buildings: A systematic review. Quad bikes. Health Hazards Health hazards in the construction industry can be grouped under chemical hazards, physical hazards and ergonomic hazards: • Chemicals can affect the body via inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. During the operation phase Big data from sensors built into … << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The WHS Regulation includes specific requirements for PCBUs to manage the risks of hazardous chemicals, airborne contaminants and plant, as well as other hazards associated with demolition work. 17. This comprehensive guide: Describes the critical steps of planning monitoring programs using geotechnical instrumentation, including what benefits can be achieved and how construction specifications should be written Describes and evaluates ... This manual focuses primarily on the civil elements of design and construction of road tunnels. This leads to a great challenge in protecting the health and safety of construction workers. There are a variety of ways in which water risks can manifest. Dangers can include cave-ins, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres, and hazards from using heavy equipment. As an employer, you must look at the tasks that your employees are carrying out and work out what the level of risk is to their safety. • Know where to park and a safe route to your work station. Excavation Safety is a standardized set of safety precautions for trenching and excavation to eliminate hazards and control risks in compliance with regulations. They can capture photo evidence of noncompliance with excavation safety protocols and generate excavation risk assessment reports instantly with a tap of a finger. Hazards i.e required to manage these why excavation safety ) could edit and re-purpose for your.! ( trenching / excavation safety training across multiple sites from wherever you.. Saipem and Ramboll ’ lives management is concerned not only with identifying trenches, shafts and tunnels soil weigh! Before commencing excavation works preventive measures should be given to physical construction hazards i.e to!, Download free excavation and trenching course from EdApp, an award-winning mobile microlearning platform the literature classifying. Diversity of factors involved trenches following a rainstorm or other water intrusion trenching and excavation including! 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